sources.listaptitude, apt-get, and apt Commandsapt-cacheapt-file Commandaptitude, synaptic/etc/apt/sources.list will list the different repositories that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading Packages.xz files or a variant such as Packages.gz or .bz2 (using a different compression method) in case of a source of binary packages and by analyzing their contents. In case of a source of source packages, APT downloads Sources.xz files or a variant using a different compression method. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar TIP Incremental updates).
/etc/apt/sources.list file represents a package source (repository) and is made of at least three parts separated by spaces. For a complete description of the file format and the accepted entry compositions see sources.list(5).
Przykład 6.1. Example entry format in /etc/apt/sources.list
deb url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX deb-src url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX
debdeb-srcPackages.xz files, it must give a full and valid URL. This can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with file:// to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with http:// or https:// to indicate a source accessible from a web server, or with ftp:// or ftps:// for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with cdrom: for CD-ROM/DVD/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are eventually more common. More methods like ssh:// or tor+http(s):// are supported and are either described in sources.list(5) or their respective apt-transport-method package documentation.
./” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory. The packages are then directly at the specified URL. But in the most common case, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions, each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar SPOŁECZNOŚĆ Bruce Perens, lider kontrowersyjny — or by the corresponding “suite” (oldoldstable, oldstable, stable, testing, unstable) and then the components to enable. A typical Debian mirror provides the components main, contrib, and non-free.
cdrom entries describe the CD/DVD-ROMs you have. Contrary to other entries, a CD-ROM is not always available since it has to be inserted into the drive and since only one disc can be read at a time. For those reasons, these sources are managed in a slightly different way, and need to be added with the apt-cdrom program, usually executed with the add parameter. The latter will then request the disc to be inserted in the drive and will browse its contents looking for Packages files. It will use these files to update its database of available packages (this operation is usually done by the apt update command). From then on, APT can require the disc to be inserted if it needs one of its packages.
sources.list dla systemu działającego pod kontrolą Stabilnej wersji Debiana:
Przykład 6.2. plik /etc/apt/sources.list dla użytkowników Stabilnego Debiana
# Security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free ## Debian mirror # Base repository deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free # Stable updates deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # Stable backports deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
stable, stable-updates, stable-backports) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out.
sources.list. Z tego powodu nieoficjalne źródła zazwyczaj są dodawane na końcu pliku.
security.debian.org, a small set of machines maintained by the Debian System Administrators. This archive contains security updates prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers for the Stable and Oldstable distribution.
Debian Security Advisory (DSA) and announces it together with the security update on the [email protected] mailing list (archive).
proposed-updates repository, carefully selected by the Stable Release Managers. All updates are announced on the [email protected] mailing list (archive) and will be included in the next Stable point release anyway.
proposed-updates jest miejscem, gdzie są przygotowywane spodziewane aktualizacje (pod nadzorem Stable Release Managers).
bullseye-proposed-updates alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since buster-proposed-updates also exists (for the Oldstable updates):
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
stable-backports hostuje "wsteczne łatki pakietów". Termin ten odnosi się do pakietu nowego oprogramowania, które zostało przekompilowane dla starszej dystrybucji, ogólnie dla Stabilnej.
stable-backports are only created from packages available in Testing. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available.
APT will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):
$sudo apt-get install package/bullseye-backports$sudo apt-get install -t bullseye-backports package
sources.list dla systemu działającego pod kontrolą Testowej lub Niestabilnej wersji Debiana:
Przykład 6.3. plik /etc/apt/sources.list dla użytkowników Testowego/Niestabilnego Debiana
# Unstable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free # Testing deb https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free # Testing security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free # Stable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free # Stable security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free
sources.list file APT will install packages from the Unstable suite. If that is not desired, use the APT::Default-Release setting (see Sekcja 6.2.3, „Uaktualnienie systemu”) to instruct APT to pick packages from another suite (most likely Testing in this case).
sources.list nie powoduje systematycznego korzystania z jego pakietów. Linia, którą należy dodać to:
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free
sources.list examples in this chapter refer to package repositories hosted on deb.debian.org. Those URLs will redirect you to servers which are close to you and which are managed by Content Delivery Networks (CDN) whose main role is to store multiple copies of the files across the world, and to deliver them as fast as possible to users. The CDN companies that Debian is working with are Debian partners who are offering their services freely to Debian. While none of those servers are under direct control of Debian, the fact that the whole archive is sealed by GPG signatures makes it a non-issue.
deb.debian.org can try to find a better mirror in the official mirror list:
ftp.country-code.debian.org (e.g. ftp.us.debian.org for the USA, ftp.fr.debian.org for France, etc.) which are covering many countries and which are pointing to one (or more) of the best mirrors available within that country.
deb.debian.org, there used to be httpredir.debian.org. This service would identify a mirror close to you (among the list of official mirrors, using GeoIP mainly) and would redirect APT's requests to that mirror. This service has been deprecated due to reliability concerns and now httpredir.debian.org provides the same CDN-based service as deb.debian.org.
mentors.debian.net site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production.
sources.list nie jest zmieniany, ale APT jest skonfigurowany, aby używać ich jako pośredników dla wychodzących zapytań.
/etc/approx/approx.conf:
# <name> <repository-base-url> debian https://deb.debian.org/debian security http://security.debian.org/debian-security
sources.list file to point to the approx server:
# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server deb http://localhost:9999/security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://localhost:9999/debian bullseye main contrib non-free